JAMB 2024 Biology Questions and Answers: A Complete Guide for Exam Preparation

News: The JAMB 2024 examination holds immense importance in Nigeria as it serves as a gateway to college admissions. Managed by JAMB, this test encompasses various subjects including Mathematics, English, and Biology. Among these subjects, Biology stands out as pivotal in influencing a student’s achievement and acceptance into their preferred educational institutions. Hence, diligent preparation for the Biology segment of the JAMB 2024 exam is paramount for aspiring candidates.

Cutaneous Respiration in Frogs:

Frogs possess the ability to engage in cutaneous respiration, facilitated by their distinctive skin features. Their skin is characterized by its moisture, thinness, and rich vascularity, enabling the exchange of gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide directly through the skin.

Plant Cell Structures:

Plant cells possess certain structures that are absent in animal cells. One combination of such structures includes cellulose cell wall, chloroplast, and sap vacuole. These structures provide support, enable photosynthesis, and store nutrients, respectively.

Non-Seed Plant:

Among the options provided, the fern is distinguished as the only non-seed plant. Unlike seed plants, which reproduce via seeds, ferns propagate through spores.

Volvox:

Volvox is an organism that does not exist as a single free-living cell. It is a colonial organism, meaning that individual cells form a colony and work together as a single organism.

Cellulose and Starch:

Both cellulose and starch are classified as carbohydrates. Cellulose forms the structural component of plant cell walls, while starch serves as a storage form of energy in plants.

Nervous and Hormonal Systems:

Both the nervous and hormonal systems rely on chemical transmission to convey signals within the body. The nervous system employs electrical impulses and neurotransmitters to communicate between nerve cells and target cells, facilitating rapid responses. In contrast, the hormonal system utilizes hormones secreted by glands to transmit signals throughout the body, regulating various physiological processes and coordinating long-term responses.

Oxidative Phosphorylation in Aerobic Respiration:

During aerobic respiration, oxidative phosphorylation takes place within the mitochondrion. This essential process yields a substantial quantity of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), serving as the primary energy currency for cellular activities.

Significance of Mitosis:

Mitosis is a vital cellular process involved in cell division. It helps in growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction. However, it does not result in degeneration.

One-Seeded Fruit:

A one-seeded fruit characterized by the fusion of the pericarp and seed coat is commonly referred to as a samara. Samaras are frequently observed in plants such as maple trees, where the presence of a winged pericarp facilitates the dispersal of seeds over long distances.

Blood Group Inheritance:

If a child has a different blood group from both parents and the mother has blood group OO (type O), then the father can only have blood group AB (type AB). Blood group inheritance follows certain genetic principles.

Root Hair Cells and Water Uptake:

Root hair cells possess a considerable surface area, a feature that significantly enhances their ability to absorb water and nutrients from the soil. This enlarged surface area facilitates a more efficient uptake of water by the roots, ensuring optimal hydration and nutrient acquisition for the plant.

Medium of Nutrient Transportation in Unicellular Organisms:

In unicellular organisms like amoebas, protoplasm serves as the medium for transporting nutrients within the cell. Protoplasm, the living material located inside the cell membrane, encompasses various organelles and substances essential for cellular function.

Starch Testing in Leaves:

When testing a leaf for starch, it is first placed in boiling water to stop chemical reactions. Boiling denatures and deactivates enzymes present in the leaf that may interfere with the starch testing process.

Identical Twins:

Identical twins are produced when a single fertilized egg, or zygote, splits into two separate embryos. This division occurs shortly after fertilization, leading to the development of two individuals with nearly identical genetic material.

Dead Cells in Tissues:

Xylem vessels, which transport water and minerals in plants, are made up of dead cells. These cells form a hollow tube-like structure that allows for efficient movement of water and nutrients within the plant.

Dehydration in Deep Mines:

Workers in deep mines frequently experience dehydration as a consequence of water loss through perspiration. The demanding conditions, characterized by high temperatures and physical exertion, prompt the body to sweat, resulting in the expulsion of water and salts. This loss of fluids and electrolytes can lead to dehydration among miners.

Organs in the Human Body:

Bone is indeed classified as a type of connective tissue rather than an organ. It serves multiple crucial functions in the body, including providing structural support, protection to internal organs, facilitating movement through attachment to muscles, and serving as a site for blood cell formation within the bone marrow. Therefore, bone is rightly recognized as a specialized connective tissue with vital roles in the body.

Cretinism and Thyroxin Deficiency:

Cretinism is caused by the deficiency of thyroxin, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland. Thyroxin plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism and growth.

Blood Circulation in Organisms with Haemocoel:

Organisms possessing a haemocoel, such as insects, demonstrate an open type of blood circulation system. In this system, the blood, known as hemolymph, circulates freely within body cavities, such as the haemocoel, and directly bathes the tissues and organs. This arrangement allows for efficient exchange of nutrients, gases, and waste products between the blood and the surrounding tissues.

Inhibition of Lateral Bud Growth:

Lateral bud growth is inhibited by ethylene, a plant hormone. Ethylene is involved in various physiological processes, including fruit ripening, leaf abscission, and inhibition of lateral bud growth.

Skull and Immediate Structures:

The structures immediately next to the skull are represented by the IV option in the given list. These structures may include the temporomandibular joint, sphenoid bone, or inner ear structures.

Articulation with the Pelvic Girdle:

The structure that articulates with the pelvic girdle is represented by the V option in the given list. This structure may refer to the femur, also known as the thigh bone.

Young Shoot of a Plant:

The young shoot of a plant is commonly referred to as a bud. Buds are undeveloped or dormant structures that have the potential to grow into leaves, flowers, or branches.

Pyrenoid in Spirogyra:

The pyrenoid in Spirogyra usually contains starch. Pyrenoids are specialized structures found in certain algae, serving as sites for starch synthesis and storage.

Protection of Savannah Plants from Bush Fires:

Savannah plants protect themselves from bushfires by having thick barks. The thick bark acts as a physical barrier that helps prevent the spread of fire to the inner tissues of the plants.

Animal Cell Wall:

Animal cells do not possess cell walls. Instead, they have a cell membrane or plasma membrane that surrounds and protects the cell. Animal cells may also have other unique structures, such as cilia or flagella, for movement.

Epiphyte:

An epiphyte is a plant that lives on the surface of other plants without drawing nourishment or water from them. Instead, epiphytes obtain their nutrients and water from rain, air, and debris that accumulate around them.

Oysters and Sea Cucumbers:

Oysters belong to the phylum Mollusca, while sea cucumbers belong to the phylum Echinoderm. Both phyla represent different groups of invertebrate animals with distinct characteristics.

Difference between Animal and Plant Cells:

An animal cell can be differentiated from a plant cell by the presence of certain structures. One such structure is chloroplast, which is exclusively found in plant cells and is responsible for photosynthesis.

Cutaneous Respiration in Frogs:

The ability of frogs to carry out cutaneous respiration is due to their moist, thin, and vascularized skin. This specialized skin allows for the exchange of gases, including oxygen and carbon dioxide, through the skin surface.

Genes Expressed in Heterozygous Individuals:

A pair of genes expressed in a heterozygous individual is described as alleles. Alleles are different forms of a gene that occupy the same position (locus) on a chromosome.

Trophic Levels in Ecosystems:

The concept of trophic levels refers to the different levels of energy flow within an ecosystem. It describes the transfer of energy from one organism to another in a food chain or food web.

Gibberellins and Cell Elongation:

Gibberellins, a group of plant hormones, are responsible for promoting cell elongation and growth. They stimulate cell division and elongation, resulting in the overall growth and development of plants.

Vacuole Membrane:

The membrane surrounding the vacuole in plant cells is known as the tonoplast. The tonoplast regulates the movement of substances in and out of the vacuole and helps maintain the osmotic balance within the cell.

Germination of Seeds:

Germination is the process in which a seed breaks dormancy and starts to grow. It involves the activation of various biochemical and physiological processes that result in the emergence of a young seedling.

Evidence of Evolution:

Several pieces of evidence support the theory of evolution. These include fossil records, comparative anatomy, embryology, biogeography, and molecular biology, among other scientific observations.

Carrying Capacity:

Carrying capacity refers to the maximum number of individuals of a species that an environment can support indefinitely. It depends on factors such as available resources, competition, and environmental conditions.

Kingdom Fungi:

Fungi obtain nutrients by absorbing organic matter. They are heterotrophic organisms that play a vital role in decomposing dead organic material and recycling nutrients in ecosystems.

Courtship Behaviors in Animals:

Courtship behaviors in animals involve displays and rituals performed by both males and females to attract a mate. These behaviors help individuals identify and select suitable mates for reproduction.

Ecological Management and Conservation:

An example of ecological management and conservation through a biological association is the establishment of marine protected areas. These areas are designated to conserve marine biodiversity and ecosystem health.

Competition and Adaptation:

Competition among individuals of the same or different species leads to the selection of individuals with favorable traits for survival and reproduction. This process, known as natural selection, plays a crucial role in the adaptation of species to their environment.

Reproduction of Developing Organisms:

The process involved in the reproduction of developing organisms is fertilization. Fertilization occurs when the male and female gametes (sex cells) fuse to form a zygote, which develops into a new organism.

Pollution in Aquatic Ecosystems:

Industrial discharge is a primary source of pollution in aquatic ecosystems. The release of chemicals, toxins, and pollutants from industries into water bodies can have detrimental effects on aquatic organisms and ecosystems.

Alternate Form of a Gene:

The alternate form of a gene is known as an allele. Alleles are different versions of a gene that arise due to genetic variations and can produce different traits or phenotypes.

Monohybrid Inheritance:

In monohybrid inheritance, if an organism carries two different alleles for a particular gene, it is called heterozygous. Heterozygous individuals have different forms of a gene, one from each parent, and exhibit a dominant-recessive relationship.

Resource Conservation in Ecosystems:

Implementing sustainable fishing practices exemplifies the conservation of resources within an ecosystem. This approach entails the regulation of fishing activities to safeguard the long-term viability of fish populations and promote the overall health of aquatic ecosystems. By carefully managing fishing efforts, maintaining healthy fish stocks, and minimizing environmental impacts, sustainable fishing practices aim to ensure the continued availability of fish resources for future generations while preserving the delicate balance of marine ecosystems.

Insulin Production:

The pancreas is responsible for producing the hormone insulin. Insulin plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose from the bloodstream into cells.

Viviparity:

Viviparity refers to the reproductive strategy in which offspring develop and are nourished inside the female’s body before birth. This is observed in mammals, where the embryo develops inside the uterus and receives nutrients from the mother.

Products of Photosynthesis:

The primary products of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen. Glucose serves as the main source of energy for plants, while oxygen is released as a byproduct during the process.

Natural Habitat:

A natural habitat in ecology refers to an area where organisms naturally live and interact with their surroundings. It provides the necessary environmental conditions, resources, and interactions for the survival and reproduction of species.

Pollination in Plants:

Pollination is the process of transferring pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower. It is a vital step in plant reproduction, enabling the fertilization of the ovules and the production of seeds.

Behavioral Adaptation for Hot Climate:

Hibernating during the hottest part of the day is a behavioral adaptation for dealing with a hot climate. By reducing activity and conserving energy during peak temperatures, animals can better regulate their body temperature and survive in hot environments.

Theory of Evolution:

The theory of evolution states that species change over time through natural processes such as natural selection, genetic variation, and genetic drift. It explains the diversity of life on Earth and the relationships between different species.

Support in Plants:

Plants have unique mechanisms for providing support. Cell walls, composed of cellulose and other structural compounds, give rigidity to plant cells. Turgor pressure, maintained by the presence of water in plant cells, also contributes to structural support.

Metamorphosis:

Metamorphosis is a biological process that involves a change in form and structure during the life cycle of certain organisms. It is commonly observed in insects, where larvae undergo significant transformations to become adults.

Water and Nutrient Transportation in Plants:

Xylem, a plant tissue, is responsible for transporting water and nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant. Xylem vessels form a network of tubes that facilitate the upward movement of water and dissolved minerals.

Excretion in Humans:

The kidneys are primarily responsible for excretion in humans. They filter metabolic waste products, excess ions, and toxins from the blood, which are then eliminated from the body as urine.

Physiological Variation:

Physiological variation refers to variations in the physiological processes and functions of organisms. These variations can occur within a species and are influenced by factors such as genetics, environmental conditions, and individual differences.

Male Reproductive Organ in Humans:

The testis is the male reproductive organ in humans. It produces sperm cells and secretes testosterone, the primary male sex hormone.

Inheritance of Traits:

The inheritance of traits refers to the transmission of genetic information from parents to offspring. This process is governed by the principles of genetics, involving the passing on of genes and their expression in the traits exhibited by individuals.

Irritability in Cells:

Cells have the ability to respond to stimuli, a characteristic known as irritability. They can detect changes in their environment and generate a response to these changes, ensuring survival and proper functioning.

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Tissue Responsible for Water and Mineral Transport:

Xylem, a plant tissue, is responsible for transporting water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. It forms a complex network of vessels and tracheids that facilitate the upward movement of water and dissolved nutrients.

Oxygenated Blood Carrying Vessel:

Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to various tissues and organs throughout the body. They are characterized by thick, elastic walls composed of smooth muscle and connective tissue. These robust arterial walls enable them to withstand the pressure generated by the pumping action of the heart and facilitate efficient blood flow to all parts of the body. Additionally, the elastic properties of arteries help maintain blood pressure by expanding and recoiling in response to changes in blood volume and cardiac output.

Evolutionary Trend:

Increased genetic diversity within populations is an evolutionary trend commonly observed in organisms. It enhances their ability to adapt to changing environments and increases the chances of survival and successful reproduction.

Behavioral Adaptation for Survival:

Migration is an example of a behavioral adaptation for survival in animals. Many species migrate to different locations during specific seasons to find suitable habitats, food, or breeding grounds.

Microorganisms as Disease Vectors:

Mosquitoes transmitting malaria is an example of a microorganism in action as a disease vector. Mosquitoes act as carriers of the malaria parasite, transmitting it to humans when they bite and inject infected saliva.

Oxygen-Carrying Component of Blood:

Red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes, play a crucial role in transporting oxygen to body tissues. They achieve this through the presence of a pigment called hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen in the lungs and carries it through the bloodstream to various tissues and organs. This process ensures that oxygen is efficiently distributed throughout the body, supporting cellular respiration and overall physiological functions.

Physiological Variation in Organisms:

Physiological variation in organisms refers to variations in physiological processes and functions among individuals of the same species. These variations may be influenced by genetic factors, environmental conditions, or individual differences.

Source of Variation in a Population:

Mutation serves as a primary source of variation within populations. By introducing alterations to the genetic material, mutations generate new alleles, thereby fostering genetic diversity within a species. This diversity is essential for adaptation to changing environments and evolutionary processes.

Down Syndrome:

High muscle tone is not a visible trait in individuals with Down syndrome. Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21. It is associated with distinct physical and intellectual characteristics.

Adaptation in Social Insects:

The formation of complex caste systems is an adaptation for survival in social insects. Different reproductive and non-reproductive castes, such as queens, workers, and soldiers, perform specific roles within the colony, ensuring its survival and functioning.

Natural Place of an Organism:

The natural place where an organism or community lives and thrives is known as its habitat. It includes the physical environment, such as climate, soil, and other living organisms with which the organism interacts.

Parts of the Alimentary Canal:

The liver is indeed not considered part of the alimentary canal, but it serves as an accessory organ crucial for digestion. Among its many functions, the liver plays a significant role in producing bile, a digestive juice that aids in the breakdown and absorption of fats in the small intestine. This process is essential for the efficient digestion and utilization of dietary fats in the body.

Skin and Homeostasis:

The skin plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis in the human body by performing various functions. One such function involves regulating body temperature, which is achieved through the control of blood flow and sweat production.

These biology questions and answers may be encountered in the JAMB 2024 examination. It’s imperative for students to prepare thoroughly for the exam by studying concepts, practicing questions, and understanding underlying principles. A solid grasp of biology will enhance their chances of success and secure admission into their preferred institutions. Best of luck with your preparations!